![]() ![]() Log in to SQL*Plus as user SYS with the SYSDBA administrative privilege. For example, the database administrator can gather statistics about which tables are being updated, how many logical I/O operations are performed, or how many concurrent users connect at peak times. Monitor and gather data about specific database activities. International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards: a Revised Framework (Basel II)Įuropean Union Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Regulations such as the following have common auditing-related requirements: However, if these policies do generate audit records, then you will know the other security controls are not properly implemented.Īddress auditing requirements for compliance. For example, you can create audit policies that you expect will never generate an audit record because the data is protected in other ways. For example, an unauthorized user could change or delete data, or a user has more privileges than expected, which can lead to reassessing user authorizations.ĭetect problems with an authorization or access control implementation. Notify an auditor of actions by an unauthorized user. For example, if a user is deleting data from tables, then a security administrator might decide to audit all connections to the database and all successful and unsuccessful deletions of rows from all tables in the database. These include actions taken in a particular schema, table, or row, or affecting specific content.ĭeter users from inappropriate actions based on that accountability. These policies are designed to provide an effective method of enforcing strong internal controls so that your site meets its regulatory compliance requirements.Īuditing enables activities such as enabling user accountability, deterring inappropriate user actions, and investigating suspicious activity.Īuditing is used for the following reasons:Įnable accountability for actions. Oracle provides three predefined audit policies that cover commonly used security relevant audit settings. For example, you can write a function that sends an email alert to a security administrator when an audited column that should not be changed at midnight is updated. You can audit specific relevant columns that hold sensitive information, such as salaries or Social Security numbers. Fine-grained auditing provides most of the auditing capabilities as unified auditing, plus the following functionality:Īuditing specific columns. Most of the auditing that you will do for general activities (including standard auditing) requires the use of audit policiesĪnother type of auditing is fine-grained auditing. An audit policy can contain both system-wide and object-specific audit options. You can have more than one audit policy in effect at a time in a database. The policy can be as simple as auditing the activities of a single user or you can create complex audit policies that use conditions. You do not need to set initialization parameters to enable overall auditing, as was necessary in previous releases. ![]() When you create and enable a unified audit policy, the policy begins to collect audit records right away. Afterwards, the new audit records will be written to the unified audit trail.įor a newly created database, Oracle Database provides mixed mode-enabled auditing, which enables both the old and new audit facilities to run simultaneously. You then can archive and purge these older audit trails. After you complete the migration, in an upgraded database, the audit records from the previous release are still available. ![]() When you upgrade your database to the current release, you must manually migrate to unified auditing if you want to use it. Oracle Database consolidates these records in one location, in one format, viewable from the UNIFIED_AUDIT_TRAIL view for single database instances and GV$UNIFIED_AUDIT_TRAIL for Oracle Real Application Clusters environments. Oracle Real Application Security audit records This section provides an introduction to unified auditing, which captures audit records from the following locations:Īudit records (including SYS audit records) from unified audit policies and AUDIT settingsįine-grained audit records from the DBMS_FGA PL/SQL package Typically, external auditors are granted this role. Typically, security administrators are granted this role.ĪUDIT_VIEWER role, which enables you to view and analyze audit data only. It also enables you to view and analyze audit data. To better facilitate separation of duty, the following two default roles are provided:ĪUDIT_ADMIN role, which enables you to configure auditing and administer both unified audit policies and fine-grained audit policies. ![]() To perform auditing, you must be granted the appropriate system privileges. Auditing is the monitoring and recording of selected user database actions. ![]()
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